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During World War II, children and those at risk were taken to places of safety to protect them from bombs and war damage. The well-known story of evacuation sees people evacuated from London to the countryside. However, this doesn't tell the whole story. Some children were evacuated to other British Dominions (countries that were part of the British Empire) such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa.

In this snapshot you will investigate what happened to a number of children who were evacuated to Canada. Your task is to use primary source evidence to see how much care was taken over these children. Britain was at war, so were the children just put on a ship and sent to Canada, or was their case carefully looked after? Once they were there, were they abandoned, or were they monitored? How much care was taken? Examine the official government documents and records to find out.

 

Tasks

Read Source 1  
Radio Address - Do131_45_CE1
Source 1: excerpt from a radio address given by Dr.R.C.Wallace (chairman of the National Committee for Children from Overseas) on November 3rd, 1940

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1a. Examine the 'author' of the source. Why is this source useful to historians studying evacuation overseas in 1940?

1b. What is C.O.R.B.?

1c. Looking through the source carefully, arrange the events below in the correct order:

Provincial authorities took charge
Transported to provincial clearing centres
Children classified, transport arranged
Applications received
Received by Department of Immigration
CORB. set up
Children placed in carefully selected homes
Same agencies could sort out any problems

 


Read Source 2i and ii  
Radio Address - do_131_45 p3
Source 2i: excerpt from a radio address given by Dr.R.C.Wallace
Radio Address - do_131_45 p3
Source 2ii: excerpt from a radio address given by Dr.R.C.Wallace

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2a. Apart from the British government plan, how else were children evacuated from Britain?

2b. Why does the speaker say, "What we can do for these young people is small indeed when weighted against what their parents are doing for us"?

2c. Why do you think this radio address was broadcast to Canadians

 

Read Source 3i and ii  
Public Health Record - do_131_47 p76
Source 3i: History and record of George Parr from the Department of the Public Health Nova Scotia (Canada), August 9th, 1940

Public Health Record - do_131_47 p76
Source 3ii: History and record of George Parr from the Department of the Public Health Nova Scotia (Canada), August 9th, 1940

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3a. How old was George when this form was completed?

3b. Where had he lived before evacuation?

3c. What had George requested?

3d. Find six things from the report that show George is distinctive from other boys.

 

Read Source 4  
Click for an enlarged image
Source 4: Official memo relating to the placement of the Parr children

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4a. What is the problem?

4b. Remembering what George Parr wanted (Source 3), suggest three reasons why the 'consideration' is sensible.

4c. What is the final result?

 


Read Source 5  
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Click for an enlarged image
Source 5: excerpt from a letter from Mr.Blois (Director of the Department of Public Health Nova Scotia) to Mr. Reagh (George's foster father

These are just two of many sources relating to George Parr and his two sisters. Further evidence includes a psychiatrist report, special health survey, visitor's report on their foster home, application form from their foster parents, together with many official letters. One letter from Mr Blois (Director the Department of the Public Health Nova Scotia) to Mr Reagh (George's foster father) includes a request:

5a. What does the large number of documents show about the standard of care for these evacuated children?

5b. what does the request from Mr Blois show?

 


Read Source 6  
Click for an enlarged image
Source 6: letter from the Office of High Commisioner for the UK, Ottawa, Canada to the Director General of C.O.R.B., London, Septenmber 23rd, 1940.

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6a. What does the author of the letter mean by the words 'top drawer'?

6b. Why do you think the author asked that the homes should not be especially selected from the 'top drawer'?

 


Read Source 7  
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Source7: A later extract from the same letter seen in Source 6

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7a. Why could the girl mentioned in this source be described as somewhat 'big-headed'?

7b. According to this source, how good was the choice of her foster-parents?

7c. Why was the careful choice of foster-parents so important? [Try to use words from the source in your explanation]

7d. Would this case be a good example to show parents in Britain worried about evacuating their child?

 


Read Source 8  

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Source 8: further examples of C.O.R.B. children from the same letter seen in Sources 6 & 7

8a. Where had these children come from?

8b. Find three examples of evidence to suggest that they were enjoying their foster home.

8c. Is there any evidence to suggest that their foster father (Mr Kelly) was also enjoying looking after them? Explain your answer.

8d. Look back to your answer for Source 2c. Compare the broadcast with the report in Source 8 - why would this have been unsuitable to broadcast to Canadians?

 


Read Source 9  
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Letter - do_131_45ce9
Source 9: excerpt from letter seen in Sources 6-8

 

9a. Near the end of the letter, the author writes, "I found it difficult to credit that these . households were not 'show pieces'". Why do you think he wrote this?

 

 


10.

a. Using all the source evidence you have examined, together with your previous answers, write a paragraph explaining your answer to: "How much care was really taken over Canadian evacuation?"

In your answer, make sure you:

  1. Explain your opinion backed up with evidence
  2. Identify whether real care was taken - or were official forms just completed?
  3. Suggest whether this shows the whole picture - is there any suggestion that there might be different examples of care? Do you have all the evidence you need?

 

 

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Background

Overseas evacuation in World War II

Soon after Hitler came to power, Britain secretly made plans for evacuation - moving infants, schoolchildren and some adults to the countryside. In September 1939, several days before war was officially declared, the plan was put into action. Many evacuees returned home by early 1940 as the expected heavy air raids hadn't taken place. With the Blitz later that same year, evacuation was soon hurriedly begun again.

The original plans were just to evacuate people to places of safety in Britain, not overseas. As the Second World War progressed and an invasion of Britain became increasing likely, offers from British dominions and other countries were taken seriously. Many felt it would a sensible option, meaning children and others could be kept safe, far away from the war whilst also reducing the demand for limited food and resources in Britain.

Evacuation overseas began on a small scale and those featured in this snapshot are examples of children send to Canada. The number of evacuees sent overseas was never to reach huge proportions though. Passenger ships that had been used to transport evacuees were soon needed for more important duties, such as movement of troops and prisoners. Once this began, any remaining passenger ships that could be used for evacuation became an even more obvious target for German U-boats.

In August 1940 the SS Volendam, carrying British children, was torpedoed, but thankfully all passengers were rescued. In September 1940, the City of Benares was sunk with the loss of 77 children and over 200 adults. The British government immediately stopped the overseas evacuation scheme. In total some 3,000 children were evacuated under the government scheme, with around 10,000 evacuated privately. This was a small proportion when compared with those evacuated within Britain. Nevertheless, as this snapshot illustrates, the part played by British dominions in offering a place of safety and security for those in danger during World War II should not be overlooked.

 
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Links

Don't miss the Learning Curve exhibition on the home front with information on evacuation:

Together with related Learning Curve WWII Snapshots

Also try these Internet links for additional materials and information on evacuation and WWII:

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